Positive Form Question Form Negative Form Negative Question
I am smart. Am I smart? I am not smart. Am I not smart?
Aren't I smart?
You are smart. Are you smart? You are not/aren't smart. Are you not smart?
Aren't you smart?
He is smart. Is he smart? He is not/isn't smart. Is he not smart?
Isn't he smart?
She is smart. Is she smart? She is not/isn't smart. Is she not smart?
Isn't she smart?
It is smart. Is it smart? It is not/isn't smart. Is it not smart?
Isn't it smart?
We are smart. Are we smart? We are not/aren't smart. Are we not smart?
Aren't we smart?
You are smart. Are you smart? You are not/aren't smart. Are you not smart?
Aren't you smart?
They are smart. Are they smart? They are not/aren't smart. Are they not smart?
Aren't they smart?
Verb To Be Exercise
Fill in the blanks with am, is, are.(Capitalize where needed)
1. Tom a carpenter.
2. Terry and Linda from Armenia.
3. Jack a famous movie star.
4. Derek and Peter police officers?
5. BMW an expensive car brand.
6. Alan's friends doctors.
7. We at home.
8. I a diligent student.
9. They my friend's cousins.
10. Mr Jackson a pianist.
11. Daniel and Ryan mechanical engineers.
12. they soldiers?
13. His shoes new.
14. you the boss?
15. Judy beautiful?
1. is
2. are
3. is
4. Are
5. is
6. are
7. are
8. am
9. are
10. is
11. are
12. Are
13. are
14. Are
15. Is
Cardinal Numbers
1………………one 11………………eleven 21………………twenty one
2………………two 12………………twelve 23………………twenty two
3………………three 13………………thirteen 23………………twenty three
4………………four 14………………fourteen 24………………twenty four
5………………five 15………………fifteen 25………………twenty five
6………………six 16………………sixteen 26………………twenty six
7………………seven 17………………seventeen 27………………twenty seven
8………………eight 18………………eighteen 28………………twenty eight
9………………nine 19………………nineteen 29………………twenty nine
10………………ten 20………………twenty 30………………thirty
10.....ten 60.....sixty 1000.....a thousand
20.....twenty 70.....seventy
30.....thirty 80.....eighty
40.....forty 90.....ninety
50.....fifty 100.....a hundred
Ordinal Numbers
1st………………first 12th………………twelfth 30th………thirtieth
2nd………………second 13th………………thirteenth 40th………fortieth
3rd………………third 14th………………fourteenth 50th………fiftieth
4th………………fourth 15th………………fifteenth 60th………sixtieth
5th………………fifth 16th………………sixteenth 70th………seventieth
6th………………sixth 17th………………seventeenth 80th………eightieth
7th………………seventh 18th………………eighteenth 90th………ninetieth
8th………………eighth 19th………………nineteenth 100th………hundredth
9th………………ninth 20th………………twentieth
10th………………tenth 21st………………twenty-first
11th………………eleventh 22nd………………twenty-second
Directions
Months
1. January
2. February
3. March
4. April
5. May
6. June
7. July
8. August
9. September
10. October
11. November
12. December
See Months Worksheet
Common Misspelling: Feburary
Did You Know?
1. The name July comes from the ancient Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar.
2. Also August was named in honor of the first Emperor of Ancient Rome Octavian Augustus.
Seasons
Spring
Summer
Fall in American English / Autumn in British English
Winter
Spring Summer Fall / Autumn Winter
March
April
May June
July
August September
October
November December
January
February
January is the first month of the year.
February is the second month of the year.
March is the third month of the year.
April is the fourth month of the year.
May is the fifth month of the year.
June is the sixth month of the year.
July is the seventh month of the year.
August is the eighth month of the year.
September is the ninth month of the year.
October is the tenth month of the year.
November is the eleventh month of the year.
December is the twelfth month of the year.
For example: May 20th, 1981
The least formal way of writing the date is using all numerical formats.
05/20/1981
Note: you can use a dot (.) or a hyphen (-) instead of a slash (/).
For example: 05.20.1981 or 05-20-1981
See Read write dates in US format Exercise
In British English
The only difference between American and British English in writing the date is actually the order of the month and the day. In American English month comes first, however; in British English day comes first.
American English British English
05/20/1981
05-22-1986 20/05/1981
22-05-1986
May the twentieth, 1981
May the twenty-second, 1986 the twentieth of May, 1981
the twenty-second of May, 1986
Note: In both American and British English months are written with an initial capital.
For example: May, June, July
See Read write dates in UK format Exercise
1. 20/05/1981
2. 22/05/1986
3. 23/09/2012
4. 01/10/1995
5. 02/01/2002
6. 10/03/1970
7. 16/06/2010
8. 15/11/2014
9. 24/12/2000
10. 17/02/2020
Also See:
How to Say the Date Exercise in US or UK Format
1. Nov - 2
2. Sep - 13
3. May - 22
4. Feb - 14
5. Oct 20
6. Jan - 1
7. Jul - 4
8. Apr - 28
9. Mar - 7
10. Jun - 18
Ask and Give Directions
1.
Excuse me. Can you tell me where the pharmacy is?
It is on First Street. Walk down the first street and you will see the pharmacy on the right, next to the gas station.
Thank you.
2.
Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the Public Library from here?
Sure. Walk up Bright Street and you'll see the public library' on the left, across from the Laundromat.
Thanks a lot.
3.
Excuse me. Would you please tell me how to get to the hospital from here?
Certainly. Drive along First Avenue to Maple Street and turn right. Drive up Maple Street and you will see the hospital on the left, between the museum and the park.
Thanks.
4.
Excuse me. What is the easiest way to get to the Grand hotel?
Take the Park Street bus and get off at second Avenue. Walk down Second Avenue and you'll see the Grand Hotel on the left.
Thank you very much.
You're welcome.
TIME WHAT TIME IS IT? SHORT
04:30
07:00
09:15
01:45
03:10
03:50
05:40
10:20 It is half past four.
It is seven o'clock.
It is a quarter past nine.
It is a quarter to two.
It is ten past three.
It is ten to four.
It is twenty to six.
It is twenty past 10. It is four thirty
It is seven o'clock.
It is nine fifteen
It is one forty five
It is three ten.
It is three fifty.
It is five forty
It is ten twenty.
AM vs PM
When 12 hour time is used we sometimes add am or pm to the time to distinguish the first half of the day from the second half.
AM: Is from midnight to noon (Midnight...Morning...11:59 am)
PM: Is from noon to midnight (Noon...Evening...11:59 pm)
NOTE:
12:00 pm is noon
12:00 am is midnight
Asking for and giving permission:
May I come in? "yes, please do."
Could I use your calculator? "yes. sure'
Can I speak to Mr. Drill, please?
For offering an invitation:
Would you like a cup of tea?
Would you like to play chess with me?
Informally to a friend
Do you think you could turn the volume of the TV down?
Do you think you could give me a lift to the station?
Do you think I could borrow your car?
Formally to a Stranger
Could you tell me where the nearest ATM is, please?
Would you mind if I sit here?
Would you mind lending me your book, please?
Would you like to sit here?
Would you mind giving me a hand with my suitcase?
Note:
We can add the phrase by any chance at the end of our request to make it more polite. (More for information requests)
Subject Pronouns For Beginners:
Singular Plural
I
You
He
She
It We
You
They
All Pronouns
He Mr. Ken
Jake
Nicholas
My Father She Mrs. Flintstone
Miss Jackson
Cynthia
My Mother It The book
The cat
The school
The weather
They Lily and Marshall
The cat and the dog
Jill and James
She and Barnie
Examples:
a. Tony and Timothy are basketball players.
They are basketball players.
b. Miss White is very clever.
She is very clever.
c. Richie is an English teacher.
He is an English teacher.
d. Lion is the king of the jungles.
It is the king of the jungle.
Exercise:
Use the appropriate subject pronouns to rewrite the following sentences.
1. Mrs. Chart is very beautiful.
.
2. Dr. Phil is a famous person.
.
3. Fred and Barnie are good friends.
.
4. Is James good at basketball?
?
5. Maria plays tennis.
.
6. Andy and I are cousins.
.
7. Wendy and Robin are good at math.
.
8. Mount Everest is very high.
.
9. Mrs. Rogala has 23 students.
.
10. Is the TV too loud?
?
11. How are Jessie and James?
?
12. The weather is very hot today.
.
13. Bruce, Arnold and I are good friends.
.
14. Are you and Mr. Parker related?
?
15. The cat looks very friendly.
.
1. She is very beautiful
2. He is a famous person
3. They are good friends
4. Is he good at basketball
5. She plays tennis
6. We are cousins
7. They are good at math
8. It is very high
9. She has 23 students
10. Is it too loud
11. How are they
12. It is very hot today
13. We are good friends
14. Are you related
15. It looks very friendly
Possessive adjectives are used before nouns.
Singular Plural
My
Your
His
Her
Its Our
Your
Their
Also See:
Possessive Pronouns (mine, yours..)
Other Pronouns
Examples:
a. It is Micheal's dictionary.
It is his dictionary.
b. They are Rafi and Cynthia's children.
They are their children.
c. Isn't John's motorcycle in the backyard?
Isn't his motorcycle in the backyard?
See Possessive Adjectives vs Possessive Pronouns Exercise
Exercise: Rewrite the sentences using possessive adjectives.
1. The first one is Brian's coat.
The first one is coat.
2. Gary is Linda's brother.
Gary is brother.
3. The big one is Alan's and my room.
It is room.
4. Those are the girls' tables.
Those are tables.
5. That is Henry's book.
That is book.
6. They are Mimi's and my shoes.
They are shoes.
7. My brother's wife is an engineer.
is an engineer.
8. Kathie's children are very clever.
children are very clever.
9. Is that Lori's computer?
Is that computer?
10. Barbara's room is very tidy.
room is very tidy.
11. Are they your mother's students?
Are they students?
12. That is Ben's toy.
That is toy.
13. Are those Sara's and Betty's cars?
Are those cars?
14. Is this your father's house?
Is this house?
15. The park is the government's property.
The park is property.
1. his
2. her
3. our
4. their
5. his
6. our
7. His
8. Her
9. her
10. Her
11. her
12. his
13. their
14. his
15. its
We use possessive pronouns as subject or object of a verb. Notice that "its" usually used as possessive pronoun.
Singular Plural
mine
yours
hers
his
its ours
yours
theirs
Also See:
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns Exercise
Possessive Pronouns Exercise 2
Examples
a. This is my tie - This is mine.
b. Her umbrella is beautiful. - Hers is beautiful.
c. These are his shoes. - These are his.
d. These are their wallets. - These are theirs.
e. It is my book. - It is mine.
f. That is our school. - That is ours.
g. This is our house. - This is ours.
h. That is my radio. - That is mine.
i. Those tickets are Kimberley's. - Those are hers.
j. This is Henry's suitcase. - This is his.
k. They are my mother's keys. - They are hers.
l. It's Lucy's chocolate. - It's hers.
m. My cousins' grades are better. - Theirs are better.
n. Elizabeth's cakes are delicious. - Hers are delicious.
See Double Possessive Pronouns
NOTES:
It's in example 'l' is short form of It is and should not be confused with its.
My cousins' grades in 'm' is not the same as my cousin's grades. In fact it means grades of my cousins and it is plural so we use the plural possessive pronoun theirs.
Apostrophe in It's and Possession
1. It's beautiful = It is beautiful (With Apostrophe ('))
2. Its color is blue = Color of its is blue (Without Apostrophe)
Its in the first sentence is a possessive adjective (Its color)
Its in the second sentence is a possessive pronoun (color of its)
See Possessive Adjectives vs Pronouns
3. My cousins' grades = Grades of my cousins (2 or more cousins)
4. My cousin's grades = Grades of a particular cousin (1 cousin)
See apostrophe details
Quick Exercise
Fill in the blanks using mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
1. Your cat isn't black, is white.
2. I know Lily, she is a friend of .
3. This isn't Britney's bike, is at the garage.
4. Where are my shoes? These are not .
5. Which one is the kids' bed? The small one is .
6. That's Jackie's and my house. That brown one is .
7. We are waiting for the train. Alex has got a ticket. He has
but I can't find .
1. yours
2. mine
3. hers
4. mine
5. theirs
6. ours
7. his
8. mine
Double Possessive Examples
Jack is an old colleague of mine.
Have you seen the movie of Brad's?
I fell in love with those green eyes of yours.
Also See:
Possessive Pronouns
Other Pronouns
Two days ago an associate of --- warned --- to take immediate steps to prevent virus from spreading.
a) your / yours
b) yours / your
c)us / us
d) ours / us
e) his / his
Double Possessive Structure
A/an/the/some + (adj) + Noun + of + Possessive Pronoun
A + good + friend + of + mine + came to see me.
An + old + student + of + mine is ill.
Some + toys + of + yours are missing.
Do NOT Confuse Possessive “s” or “of” Below
The girl’s book (singular) is...
The girls’ books (plural) are...
My son’s book (singular) is...
The cover of the book is...
I wish I had a room of my own.
Attention:
A photograph of me (that's me in the photo / I may not own the photograph)
A photograph of mine (I'm the person who took the photo, I may not be in it)
We can use impersonal pronouns to talk about people in general or for unspecified objects.
One, They, You, It
Also See:
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
See All Pronouns
Impersonal Pronoun "One"
We can use "one" to talk about people in general or for unspecified objects.
One can’t learn a language in six weeks.
If one (somebody, you) wishes to make oneself popular, one must work very hard for it.
One is knocking at the door.(not general, it is specified)
Somebody is knocking at the door.
Also use "They" or "You" in the same way
They speak English in this part of the country.
They don't respect teachers in some schools.
You really can't find anything in this shop. (I may be talking to myself)
One really can't find anything in this shop.
If one gets ill, one should see a doctor. (Sb. he / she / they)
One is knocking at the door.
Somebody (not in general, it is a specified)
The newspapers that most men like are the ones with most sports pages.
If one gets sick, one should see a doctor.
Attention:
If you begin your sentence with "one", you should continue using "one, one's, oneself..." when referring to the same person.
If one wants to be happy, one should not be greedy.
If one wants to succeed, one should study hard.
In the sentence below however, we can substitute "he", "he or she" or "they".
If someone wants to succeed, he should study hard.
If someone wants to succeed, he or she should study hard.
If someone wants to succeed, they should study hard.
Impersonal Pronoun It
It is one of the most commonly used impersonal pronouns in English. It can refer to many unspecified subjects depending on the context.
It is very cold today. (the weather)
It is Saturday today.
It is 5 o’clock somewhere.
It is always snowy in Lake Tahoe.
Infinitive Subject
It is impossible to beat them. (To beat them is impossible)
It is unbelievable!
To emphasize
It was George who saved your life!
It was me who wrote the essay.(I did it!)
Reciprocal Pronouns are used when two or more subjects are mutually affected.
For Example:
I don't talk to my friend and he doesn't talk to me either.
In this case, we use one of the two reciprocal pronouns
Each other
One another
My friend and I don't talk to each other. (one another)
We don't talk to each other.
They sat for 2 hours without talking to each other. (one another)
Most children often tease one another. (each another)
My wife and I love each other. (one another)
Why do couples always blame each other (one another) for everything?
They hadn't seen each other(one another)for a long time.
Parents should count on each other (one another).
Brothers should back up each other (one another).
They kissed each other (one another).
Each Other vs One Another
We normally use these two interchangeably but some would argue that when there are more than 2 people involved, "one another" is preferred.
James and Jane love each other. (bidirectional)
James, Jane and John love one another. (Each of these people love the other 2)
However, the followings are also correct.
James and Jane love one another is also correct.
James, Jane and John love each other.
Both can take apostrophe + possessive "'s"
I’m sure they will enjoy each other’s friendship soon.
They sat for hours looking at each other’s (one another’s) eyes.
Pronouns
Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences.
1. We all told the boss that we wanted to have ---- salaries paid in advance but he just ignored ----.
A) ours / it
B) his / we
C) their / our
D) we / his
E) our / us
2. When the man asked me how I had got ---- address, I told him that I was given it by a relative of ----.
A) my / me
B) his / his
C) mine / his
D) his / him
E) him / him
3. Although ---- in the room seemed to follow ---- said by the speaker, he never intended to simplify his language.
A) no one / anything
B) anybody / anything
C) nobody / nothing
D) anyone / nothing
E) someone / something
4. I hope you will enjoy ---- at the re-union party this weekend because I won't be able to be there ----.
A) you / myself
B) yourself / mine
C) yours / oneself
D) yourself / myself
E) you / me
5. We decided to do all the cooking ---- instead of hiring a catering company for the party.
A) of our own
B) oneself
C) by ourselves
D) ours
E) each other
6. Thousands of children nowadays prefer doing ---- homework with a background of pop-music to doing ---- in a quiet room.
A) theirs / them
B) his / its
C) them / it's
D) they / them
E) their / it
7. You and ---- brother need to take time to prepare ---- for the long journey which will start next month.
A) his / yourself
B) yours / ourselves
C) their / you
D) your / yourselves
E) her / by themselves
8. The kids watched each gesture of ---- as if their mother were a stranger.
A) them
B) hers
C) him
D) her
E) himself
9. Trademarks enable a company to distinguish ---- products from ---- of another company.
A) their / it
B) it / that
C) our / this
D) its / those
E) my / these
10. ---- cannot see through translucent materials, but light can pass through ----.
A) We / it
B) Anything / their
C) One / them
D) No one / its
E) Everyone / their
1. E
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. E
7. D
8. B
9. D
10. C
Choose the correct pronouns to complete the sentences.
1. The old woman lived alone, with ---- to look after ----.
A) someone / her
B) anyone / herself
C) everyone / she
D) no one / her
E) anyone / she's
2. ---- two rings here on my little finger belonged to ---- grandmother.
A) These / my
B) That / mine
C) Those / me
D) The / myself
E) This / my
3. When the little boy grabbed the lizard, ---- tail broke off in ---- hand.
A) it's / his
B) it / him
C) its / his
D) it / one's
E) its / he's
4. A baby learns the meaning of words as ---- are spoken by others and later uses ---- in sentences.
A) their / they
B) they / them
C) they / themselves
D) it / them
E) they / it
5. Some of these clothes are ----, and the rest of ---- belong to Zack.
A) yours / it
B) my / them
C) hers / their
D) me / they
E) mine / them
6. As for ----, I prefer to let people make up ---- minds.
A) myself / each other's
B) I / his own
C) mine / one another's
D) me / their own
E) my / theirs
7. The solicitor wrote a letter to Ann and ---- in which he asked us if we could settle the matter between ----.
A) I / us
B) me / us
C) myself / ours
D) mine / our
E) me / we
8. As ---- cuts it as well as he does, I always have my hair cut at Johnson's.
A) anyone
B) someone else's
C) no one else
D) everyone
E) nobody's
9. They decided to buy the house because ---- location would allow ---- to get to work very easily.
A) theirs / them
B) it / themselves
C) its / them
D) they / us
E) its / their
10. Our dog is of a very good breed as ---- is the offspring of two very champion dogs and inherited ---- features.
A) this / its
B) he / them
C) she / theirs
D) that / his
E) it / their
1. D) no one / her
2. A) These / my
3. C) its / his
4. B) they / them
5. E) mine / them
6. D) me / their own
7. B) me / us
8. C) no one else
9. C) its / them
10. E) it / their
Choose the appropriate pronouns to complete the sentences.
1. I didn't buy ---- in the end.
A) nothing
B) something
C) everybody
D) anything
2. It's not good if everyone ---- to get ---- own license.
A) wants / their
B) want / their
C) wants / their
D) want / theirs
3. He was an only child, so he had to learn how to amuse ----.
A) himself
B) him
C) anybody
D) each other
4. They always defend ----. If you blame one, the other will spring to her aid.
A) themselves
B) one another
C) him
D) them
5. He claimed to be an expert, but he knew almost ---- about it.
A) everything
B) nothing
C) anything
D) something
6. If ---- had called, they would have left a message.
A) anybody
B) nobody
C) everybody
D) no one
7. No one can find Alice and David ----.
A) everywhere
B) somewhere
C) anywhere
D) nowhere
8. Despite her father's complaints, she decided to live ---- in Canada.
A) herself
B) of her own
C) by herself
D) her
9. The music in the house was so loud that everybody had to shout to make ---- heard.
A) herself
B) oneself
C) themselves
D) them
10. There was ---- to help me so I had to do all the cleaning myself.
A) anybody
B) no one
C) somebody
D) everyone
1. D) anything
2. C) wants / their
3. A) himself
4. B) one another
5. B) nothing
6. A) anybody
7. C) anywhere
8. C) by herself
9. C) themselves
10. B) no one
Choose the appropriate pronouns to complete the sentences.
1. Hello Henry, Kate, Peter. Help ---- to some food and I'll be with you in a moment.
A) you
B) yours
C) yourself
D) yourselves
2. A student of ---- has just been to see me.
A) your
B) yours
C) yourself
D) you
3. Her parents were in Malaya. So were ----.
A) mine
B) your
C) my
D) myself
4. The cat caught ---- tail in the door.
A) it's
B) itself
C) its
D) it
5. When Sally won the lottery, she pinched ---- to make sure she wasn't dreaming.
A) hers
B) herself
C) her
D) himself
6. ---- in the village went to the party but ---- enjoyed it very much.
A) Someone / no one
B) Nobody / no one
C) Everyone / nobody
D) Everyone / somebody
7. William Shakespeare is ---- who I have always admired.
A) someone
B) no one
C) everyone
D) anyone
8. You mustn't blame ----. You are the guilty one.
A) yourself
B) me
C) myself
D) you
9. Almost no friend of ---- came to the funeral.
A) her
B) myself
C) theirs
D) them
10. It's partly finished. There is ---- left.
A) nothing
B) everything
C) anything
D) something
1. D) yourselves
2. B) yours
3. A) mine
4. C) its
5. B) herself
6. C) Everyone / nobody
7. A) someone
8. B) me
9. C) theirs
10. D) something
Complete the sentences with appropriate relative pronouns.
1. Tom had had enough of school, ---- is why he decided to join the Marines.
A) that
B) what
C) whom
D) where
E) which
2. If you are planning to drive a long distance, you should drive during the time of the day ---- you are normally awake.
A) which
B) whom
C) when
D) whose
E) who
3. In areas ---- many elderly live alone, the police may visit their homes to make sure they are all right.
A) that
B) which
C) whose
D) whom
E) where
4. Canada is one of the few forested nations ---- forests are mostly public property.
A) which
B) that
C) whom
D) whose
E) who
5. In 1851,---- an international tournament was organized by the great English player Howard Staunton, the modern competitive age of chess began in London.
A) that
B) when
C) which
D) where
E) whose
6. I have always found that it's helpful to have a few wise and trusted people to ---- you can turn for information and advice.
A) whom
B) that
C) whose
D) who
E) which
7. While starting your own business the first principle is to select people ---- you have trust and confidence.
A) on which
B) whose
C) in whom
D) where
E) of which
8. Jack London, ---- works deal romantically with the overwhelming power of nature and the struggle for survival, was a prolific American novelist and short story writer.
A) which
B) whose
C) where
D) what
E) who
9. Parents can learn to create an environment ---- their child can grow and thrive in a more resourceful and less stressful manner.
A) which
B) what
C) where
D) that
E) whose
10. Many foods ---- we consume today are all military creations and were first designed for soldiers.
A) that
B) of which
C) where
D) when
E) at which
1. E
2. C
3. E
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. A
We use relative clauses to combine two simple sentences with the same noun phrases.
There are two types of relative clauses
1) Defining
2) Non-defining
Defining Relative Clauses
Specify a particular noun. (Use who, that)
The girl who is the best in our class is Nayad. The ring that was stolen from my room hasn't been found yet.
Non-defining Relative Clauses
They are used with an already defined noun, so; they just give extra information and we usually put commas around. (who/which)
My father, who lives in Belgium, is a chemist. (No need to define my father.)
** Relative clauses should be used after the noun they define.
Mr. Johnson is happy, he got the highest grade on the test.
Mr. Johnson, who got the highest grade on the test, is happy.
Relative Pronouns
See details at: Relative Pronouns
Adjective/Relative Clause Examples:
A dentist is a person. He gives dental treatment.
A dentist is a person who/that gives dental treatment.
We know a lot of people. They live in Minnesota.
We know a lot of people who/that live in Minnesota.
A vegetarian is a person. He/she never eats meat.
A vegetarian is a person who/that never eats meat.
Do you know the man? He discovered Africa.
Do you know the man who/that discovered Africa?
The teacher was very strict. We had him last semester.
The teacher whom/who/that we had last semester was very strict.
Note: The relative pronoun comes just after the word it refers to.
The man was drunk. He caused the accident.
The man who was drunk caused the accident.
That man is my uncle. He is coming towards us.
The/That man who is coming towards us is my uncle.
This is the horse. I like him. It (also) kicked me yesterday.
This is the horse (that) I like, which (also) kicked me yesterday.
The nails are rusty. They are in the tool-box.
The nails that are in the tool-box are rusty.
A cow is an animal. It supplies us with milk.
A cow is an animal which/that supplies us with milk.
We can also use possessive pronouns like “his/her/its” with “whose”.
A widow is a woman. Her husband is dead.
A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.
What was the name of the man? His car broke down.
What was the name of the man whose car broke down?
I know someone. Her father is a translator.
I know someone whose father is a translator.
Although the group names such as “crowd, audience, class” are of people, they are used with which/that.
There was a big crowd. It soon gathered at the scene of the accident.
There was a big crowd which/that gathered at the scene of the accident.
Relative Pronouns have the same form when they refer to masculine, feminine, singular or plural nouns. The verb in adjective clause must be singular if the subject of the relative pronoun refers to a singular noun. If plural, then the verb will be in the plural form:
The person who speaks good English is a doctor.
The people who live next door are doctors.
The plates that are on the table are very dirty.
The man who lives next to us has got a huge dog.
The men who went to the USA were very affluent.
Note that 'men' is plural for 'man'.
Using "Whose" and "of Which"
We can use “of which” instead of “whose” for the objects but “of which” is used in non-defining relative clauses.
This is the machine. I described its properties.
This is the machine whose properties I described.
This is the machine, the properties of which I described.
I stayed at a fantastic hotel. It’s facilities are fabulous.
I stayed at a fantastic hotel whose facilities are fabulous.
I stayed at a fantastic hotel, the facilities of which are fabulous.
Some Details
• We cannot use “that” after a comma.
• We cannot use “zero“ after a comma.
• We use “zero” in defining sentences when followed by a subject.
• We can use “who” instead of “whom” but without preposition.
• ”Whose” should always be followed by a noun.
The tree, whose leaves have turned yellow, must be cut down.
The tree, the leaves of which have turned yellow, must be cut down.
The doctor whose car is on sale now, demands too much money for it.
The doctor the car of whom is on sale now, demands too much money.
Of Which vs Of Whom
1. We can use a non-defining relative clause with "of which" and "of whom" after quantifiers:
All, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, some...
For Example:
Adam has two brothers. Both of them work as an engineer.
Adam has two brothers, both of whom work as an engineer.
Brad has very nice neighbors. I like all of them very much.
Brad has very nice neighbors, all of whom I like very much.
My mother invited many relatives to my birthday. Only a few of them showed up.
My mother invited many relatives to my birthday, only a few of whom showed up.
I talked to an old friend of mine last night. Some of her remarks offended me.
I talked to an old friend of mine last night, some of whose remarks offended me.
2. After a number(one,two etc.; the first, the second etc.; half, a third etc.)
I want to be flatmate with my friend Daniel. One of his biggest interests is playing basketball.
1 want to be flatmate with my friend Daniel, one of whose biggest interests is playing basketball.
There are many books in our school library. I'm quite interested in two of them.
There are many books in our school library, two of which I'm quite interested in.
3. After superlatives (the best, the biggest etc.)
Yesterday, my friend and I caught a lot of fish. The biggest of them was 20 pounds.
Yesterday, my friend and I caught a lot of fish, the biggest of which was 20 pounds.
I met with many beautiful girls at the party last night. The most beautiful of them was Nora.
I met with many beautiful girls at the party last night, the most beautiful of whom was Nora.
Of Which vs Whose
We can use “of which” instead of “whose” for the objects but “of which” is used in non-defining relative clauses.
This is the machine. I described its properties.
This is the machine whose properties I described.
This is the machine, the properties of which I described.
I stayed at a good hotel. It’s facilities are fabulous.
I stayed at a good hotel whose facilities are fabulous.
I stayed at a good hotel the facilities of which are fabulous.
A singular subject must always be matched with a singular verb, and a plural subject must always be matched with a plural verb. See details below for subject verb agreement rules with examples.
The verb is affected only when in PRESENT tense, for the THIRD person.
Exercises:
Subject Verb Agreement PDF
Subject (noun) Verb (action)
Singular he / she / it learns
Plural they learn
Base Form of Verb: learn , walk , like , have (irregular), do
Simple Present Singular
First Person: I like have do
Second Person you like have do
Third Person he / she / it likes has does
Simple Present Plural
First Person we like have do
Second Person you like have do
Third Person they like have do
In general, when the subject is singular, use the -s form of the verb.
He walks
She sleeps
It jumps
In general, when the subject is plural, use the base form of the verb.
They walk
They sleep
They jump
Attention:
Watch out for irregular forms, for which the -s rule does not apply.
He studies
She has
It does
He catches
It flies
Tips, explanations and exercises for indefinite articles A / An:
Subject Exercises:
Indefinite Articles (See Below)
A/An Exercise 2
Drag and Drop Exercise:
A or An Exercise 1
A or An Exercise 2
A or An Exercise 3
PDF Exercise:
A / An Indefinite Articles
More Advanced:
A / An / The Worksheets
A / An / The Explanations
Use 'A' before a word which begins with a consonant sound.
a man
a pen
a boy
a car
a fish
a house a movie
a star
a bike
a student
a watch
a computer a school
a shoe
a bottle
a mouse
a tiger
a camera a city
a teacher
a website
a dollar
a machine
a game
Use 'AN' before a word which begins with a vowel sound
an umbrella
an elephant
an actor
an emergency an American
an automobile
an airplane
an ant an ice-cream
an ambulance
an offer
an equipment
Attention: Note that the pronunciation is what matters when choosing between a & an.
Examples:
an honor (h is silent)
an hour
a university (a before the 'y' sound)
a unit
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with A or An.
1. Ronaldo is famous football player.
2. Jessica is hardworking student.
3. Is Dr. Phil smart man?
4. A tiger is animal.
5. Is that old book?
6. Is tea beneficial drink?
7. Mustang is American brand.
8. This is eraser.
9. New York Times is popular news company.
10. Derek is fisherman.
11. It's honor to meet you.
12. Angelina Jolie is actress.
13. GrammarBank is educational website.
14. Bart Simpson is child.
15. Superman is hero.
1. a
2. a
3. a
4. an
5. an
6. a
7. an
8. an
9. a
10. a
11. an
12. an
13. an
14. a
15. a
Indefinite articles exercise: Choose A or AN
Choose the correct indefinite articles and click "submit" to see your results.
1. book
2. exam
3. engineer
4. teacher
5. English book
6. child
7. car
8. jacket
9. elephant
10. university
11. movie
12. mouse
13. octopus
14. hour
15. dictionary
16. airplane
17. board
18. box
19. honor
20. bike
1. a
2. an
3. an
4. a
5. an
6. a
7. a
8. a
9. an
10. a
11. a
12. a
13. an
14. an
15. a
16. an
17. a
18. a
19. an
20. a
Fill in the blanks with a, an, the articles. Put x where no article is necessary.
1-2. Tower of London is popular tourist attraction.
3-5. Newcastle is town in north of England.
6-8. Princess lives in palace in London.
9-10. Buckingham Palace is where Queen of England officially lives.
11-12. She bought expensive necklace at Harrods.
13-14. They went for stroll around St James' Park.
15-16. The supermarket is in Kendell Street opposite Lloyds Bank.
17-18. hotel where they held their wedding reception was called Grand Hotel.
19-20. Anna was born in Italy but she lives in U.S.A. now.
21-22. The convict is in prison on outskirts of town.
23. His favorite newspaper is Guardian.
24-25. Gatwick Airport is in southern England.
26-28. Duchess of York opened new hospital in center of London.
29-30. He went on expensive holiday to Bahamas.
31-32. Statue of Liberty is in New York.
33-35. National Park was opened last week by mayor.
36-37. expedition to South Pole needs a lot of careful planning.
38-40. Odeon cinema is in Appleton Street just past library.
41-44. Last month I saw movie and then went to concert. movie was brilliant but concert was boring.
45-48. There are three cars parked outside: Mercedes, Jaguar and Fiat. Mine is Fiat.
49-50. Harrods is a huge department store near Kensington Gardens.
1. The
2. a
3. a
4. the
5. x
6. The
7. a
8. x
9. x
10. the
11. an
12. x
13. a
14. x
15. x
16. x
17. The
18. the
19. x
20. the
21. x
22. the
23. the
24. x
25. x
26. The
27. a
28. the
29. an
30. the
31. The
32. x
33. The
34. x
35. the
36. An
37. the
38. The
39. x
40. the
41. a
42. a
43. The
44. the
45. a
46. a
47. a
48. the
49. x
50. x
A) Complete the following exercise with a / an or the articles. Put "x" where no article is needed.
According to National Weather Service, cyclones are areas of circulating winds that rotate counterclockwise in Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in Southern Hemisphere. They are generally accompanied by some kind of precipitation and by stormy weather. tornadoes and hurricanes are types of cyclones, as are typhoons, which are storms that occur in western Pacific Ocean. hurricane is cyclone that forms over tropical oceans and seas and has winds of at least seventy-four miles hour. hurricane rotates in shape of oval or circle. hurricanes can cause great environmental damage. Hurricane Andrew, which hit coasts of Louisiana and southern Florida in August 1992, caused extreme devastation. In terms of environmental damage, Hurricane Andrew is one of most devastating hurricanes ever to hit United States. Fourteen people died because of Andrew's effects.
According to National Weather Service, cyclones are
areas of circulating winds that rotate counterclockwise in Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in Southern Hemisphere. They are generally
accompanied by some kind of precipitation and by stormy
weather. tornadoes and hurricanes are types of
cyclones, as are typhoons, which are storms that occur in
western Pacific Ocean.
hurricane is cyclone that forms over tropical oceans and
seas and has winds of at least seventy-four miles hour.
hurricane rotates in shape of oval or circle.
hurricanes can cause great environmental damage. Hurricane
Andrew, which hit coasts of Louisiana and southern Florida in August
1992, caused extreme devastation. In terms of environmental
damage, Hurricane Andrew is one of most devastating hurricanes
ever to hit United States. Fourteen people died because of
Andrew's effects.
B) More examples of a, an or the - Articles Exercises 2
1-2. We have beautiful garden. garden is full of roses.
3-4. Is fencing popular sport in world? No, it isn’t.
5. I'd like glass of orange juice please.
6. Can you give me envelope, please?
7. Certainly. Oh! Where’s envelope?
8. Is there post office near here?
9. They’re at cinema.
10. My brother is in classroom.
11. Would you like hamburger?
12. Selena has got cat.
13. What is cat’s name?
14-15. school is very cold. Hasn’t it got central heating system?
16. It has, but central heating is broken down.
1. the
2. x
3. x
4. the
5. the
6. x
7. x
8. x
9. x
10. x
11. x
12. x
13. the
14. a
15. a
16. x
17. x
18. an
19. a
20. the
21. an
22. a
23. x
24. x
25. x
26. the
27. x
28. x
29. x
30. the
31. the
1. a
2. the
3. a
4. the
5. a
6. an
7. the
8. a
9. the
10. the
11. a
12. a
13. the
14. the
15. a
16. the
Fill in the blanks a an the. Put x if nothing is needed. Separate multiple answers with a comma and a space.
1. Sam lives in ---- little flat in ---- middle of the city. There is ---- pub nearby and ---- noise keeps him awake at night.
2. ---- Hilton Hotel is situated near ---- River Thames.
3. I applied for ---- job last week. ---- job involved driving ---- van around the country.
4. ---- Tate Gallery is quite far from ---- Science Museum, so you'd better take a bus.
5. ---- Sales Manager has ---- cold, so he can't come to ---- meeting this afternoon.
6. I have ---- appointment at ---- dentist's this afternoon because I've got ---- toothache.
7. We spent our ---- last summer on ---- island of Crete.
8. On ---- thirty-first of December, thousands of people gather in ---- Times Square, New York, to celebrate ---- coming of ----- New Year.
9. Of all ---- countries on ---- continent of ---- North America, Phil has only visited ---- Canada.
10. ---- universities of Oxford and Cambridge are two of ---- most famous universities in ---- Europe.
11. If you want to work abroad, why don't you contact ---- agency I went to in ---- Lamb Street?
12. ---- capital city of Spain, Madrid, is to ---- north of Seville.
13. ---- holiday I took in Rome was ---- best I've ever had.
14. ---- Detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant, ---- Doctor Watson, solved ---- lot of mysteries.
15. I would love to spend ---- summer cruising in ---- Caribbean.
16. Mrs. Hamilton holds ---- flower arranging class in ---- Cathedral on Wednesday evenings.
17. The highest mountain in ---- world, ---- Mount Everest, is in ---- Himalayas.
18. There is ---- wonderful 1920s style restaurant-cafe in ---- Glasgow which has some of ---- most charming and helpful waiters I've ever seen.
19. ---- Balearic Islands lie to ---- south of Spain.
20. Julia is ---- extremely patient girl-she will have no problem in her career as ---- nanny.
21. Stephen has ---- seminar on Saturday morning, so we are not able to go to ---- ski-slopes until Sunday.
22. On Sunday we decided to go to ---- beach by ---- train, but by the time we got to ---- station ---- weather looked so threatening that we went to ---- cinema instead.
1. a, the, a, the
2. The, the
3. a, The, a
4. The, the
5. The, a, the
6. an, the, a
7. x, the
8. the, x, the, the
9. the, the, x, x
10. The, the, x
11. the, x
12. The, the
13. The, the
14. x, x, a
15. the, the
16. the, the
17. the, x, the
18. a, x, the
19. The, the
20. an, a
21. a, the
22. the, x, the, the, the
A. Complete the following exercise with a / an / the or x.
Once upon time, there was green and beautiful planet. It was third planted out from yellowish sun in stellar system in relatively remote part of galaxy. Members of Galactic Council knew that planet was between 4 and 5 billion years old, but no one was sure exactly how long life had existed there.
Galactic Council had been watching Green, as they called it, for millennia. It was responsibility of Council to observe and monitor all planets that harbored life in effort to predict which ones might destroy themselves. Thus Council could intervene if it had to. Each planet had its own watcher, and Planet Green's was Ambassador Gorkon. His job was to visit Green and investigate thoroughly. On this occasion Gorkon was making his report to Mr. Xau, president of Galactic Council.
B. Complete the article about Chernobyl Damage by inserting a / an or the, leave a blank where no article is needed.
CHERNOBYL DAMAGE
On April 26, 1986, fires and explosions following unauthorized experiment caused worst accident in history of nuclear power at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine. At least thirty-one people were killed in disaster itself, and radioactive material was released into the atmosphere. Approximately 135,000 people were evacuated from vicinity.
1. a
2. a
3. the
4. a
5. a
6. a
7. the
8. the
9. the
10. the
11. a
12. the
13. an
14. the
15. the
16. the
17. x
18. an
19. the
20. the
21. the
22. x
23. the
Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. Put 'x' where nothing is needed. Separate multiple answers with a coma and a space.
1. ---- most of ---- stories people tell about ---- Irish are not true.
2. ---- beef we had for dinner last night was excellent.
3. Everyone has problems in ---- life.
4. I don't know much about ---- life of Napoleon.
5. My grandmother had ---- long life.
6. Yes, my name is ---- Simpson, but I'm not ---- Simpson you're looking for.
7. ---- people wear ---- jewelry to look more attractive.
8. ---- jewelry Diana wearing today is beautiful.
9. Mary is wearing ---- gold ring today. It is made of ---- gold.
10. ---- word to ---- wise is ---- sufficient.
11. It is ---- interesting fact that an airplane's shadow is virtually ---- same size regardless of its altitude.
12. A laptop generally costs more than a desktop computer of similar specification even though its performance is usually ---- lower.
13. I have completed my research about ---- geography of Albania.
14. ---- Japanese these people speak is often heard in the countryside.
15. This DVD player is ---- more sophisticated of the two models sold in our shop now therefore I recommend you to buy it.
1. x, the, the
2. The
3. x
4. the
5. a
6. x, the
7. x, x
8. The
9. a, x
10. A, the, x
11. an, the
12. x
13. the
14. The
15. the
1. If you don't have any other suggestions why don't we eat in ---- restaurant we saw yesterday?
2. Although the two climbers followed ---- track to the summit of Mount Everest, ---- others waited at ---- camp.
3. One of the CD players was broken but luckily ---- other one worked.
4. The teacher asked each of ---- students to bring ---- photograph of their grandparents or elderly relatives.
5. It seems that she has enough talent to become ---- international singer.
6. I am glad that so many people passed ---- test and only a few failed.
7. When looking for a good acoustic guitar, there are a great many things to consider such as ---- craftsmanship and ---- wood choice.
8. It is still a matter of discussion among scientists whether a good amount of calcium in your diet protects you against ---- diseases.
9. There is often ---- distinction made between frogs and toads based on appearance; however, there is no scientific distinction.
10. Fortunately, none of the scientists working on ---- volcano at the time of the eruption were injured.
11. All stars except ---- Sun appear to the human eye as shining points in the night time sky that twinkle because of ---- effect of the Earth's atmosphere.
12. This city is known for its universities, several of which are among ---- most reputable in the country.
13. Some researchers are convinced that everybody who gets hit on ---- head has at least some brain damage.
14. ---- Blue Whale is ---- biggest whale in the Antarctic Ocean; it is ---- larger than ---- dinosaurs, who once ruled the Earth. Maybe this is why ---- blue whales have no enemies.
15. One with ---- good education is likely to be respected more.
1. the
2. the, the, the
3. the
4. the, a
5. an
6. the
7. x, x
8. x
9. a
10. the
11. the, the
12. the
13. the
14. The, the, x, x, x
15. a
Choose a / an or some.
1. I have work to do.
2. Hmm, that's interesting idea.
3. We have good relationship with each other.
4. You need to find decent job first.
5. He used to be engineer, now he has his own business.
6. Can I have slice of pizza, please?
7. Mike has brilliant ideas.
8. There is big park at the end of the road.
9-10. I will buy sugar and bag of tea.
11-12. I needed time to come up with answer.
1. some
2. an
3. a
4. a
5. an
6. a
7. some
8. a
9. some
10. a
11. some
12. an
Some & Any
“Some and any” are determiners and they express an indefinite quantity or number. “Some and Any” are used when it is not easy, necessary or important to say exactly how many / how much we want to mean. They are both used with countable and uncountable nouns.
“Some” is often used in affirmative statements.
1. SOME + COUNTABLE NOUNS : In this case, “some” means “ a few”.
There are some postcards in my bag.
There are some students in the class.
There are some cherries in the basket.
There are some mistakes in the list.
2. SOME + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
There is some dust on the floor / There is some cheese in the fridge.
There is some fruit in the basket /There is some fish on the plate.
3. ANY + COUNTABLE NOUNS
“Any” is often used in negative sentences and questions.
There aren’t any people on the moon.
There aren’t any skyscrapers in our town.
There are not any empty chairs for the guests.
Are there any doctors in your family?
Yes, there are some doctors in my family.
No, there aren’t any doctors in my family.
4. ANY + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
There isn’t any milk in the bottle / There isn’t any honey at home.
There isn’t any cold water here / Is there any bread on the table?
Yes, there is some bread on the table.
No, there isn’t any bread on the table.
NOTE:
In a negative sentence, we can use “no” in place of “not any”; However, “no” can also be used with countable singular nouns. When “no” is used, the verb is always positive.
There aren’t any wild animals in the forest.
There are no wild animals in the forest.
There isn’t any milk at home.
There is no milk at home.
Some is also used in offers and requests.
Would you like some cake?
Could you do some typing for me?
MUCH / MANY
Many and Much express a large quantity
Examples: (+)
I have many postcards.
She has got much influence on you.
There are many students in the class.
There is much orange juice in the glass.
Examples: (-)
There isn’t much sugar in the kitchen.
There aren’t many people in the streets.
He doesn’t have much time.
There isn’t much fun here.
Examples: (?)
Is there much rain in Istanbul?
Has Eric got much cash?
Are there many books in your bag?
Do you have many CDs?
NOTE:
“too much” and “too many” indicate an excess and are used in affirmative sentences.
There is too much noise in big cities.
There are too many people at the party.
HOW MUCH / HOW MANY
We use "How many" with plural nouns.
We use "How much" with uncountable nouns.
How many eggs?
How many sisters?
How many countries?
How many apples?
How much flour?
How much butter?
How much money?
A FEW / A LITTLE
Differences Between A FEW / FEW & A LITTLE / LITTLE
“A few” expresses a small quantity. “Few” implies that something is not many, not enough or almost none. It expresses a negative idea.
I have a few close friends in town, and we have a very good time together.
I have few friends in town, so I feel lonely from time to time.
“A little” expresses a small quantity. “Little” implies that something is not much, not enough or almost none. It expresses a negative idea.
We have a little milk. Let’s make a cake.
We have little milk. We can’t make a cake.
Let's go and have a drink. We've got a little time before the train leaves. (a little time = some time, enough time to have a drink)
'Do you speak English?' 'A little.' (So we can talk a bit)
There is little sugar in my coffee. Could I have some more?
A LOT OF
Quantifier "a lot of" is used in all forms.
Instead of A lot of, we can use lots of.
Lots of is an informal form of a lot of.
Example sentences:
There are a lot of bus stops in Bornova.
I have got lots of story books.
Are there a lot of people in the queue? Yes, there are.
There is a lot of milk in the jug.
There isn’t a lot of honey in the hive.
Do you know a lot of people there?
She has lots of oxen on the farm.
________________________________________
More on Quantifiers
1-Quantifiers Used With Singular Count Nouns
• Every: You make me laugh every time you lie.
• Each: I will talk to each person individually.
• Either: Shevchenko could shoot very well with his either foot.
• Neither: He is lucky, neither foot showed anything wrong.
2-Quantifiers Used With Plural Count Nouns
• A Few: I gave him a few candies.
• Fewer: Fewer shops accept checks nowadays.
• Many: They got married many years ago.
• Great Many: Both sides had great many casualties in that war.
• Several: Several buildings were damaged in the earthquake.
• A Number of: A number of students failed the class.
• plenty of: We have plenty of hot dogs, it should be enough.
• a lot of / lots of: I've got a lot of candies.
• enough: We have enough hot dogs but we need more buns.
• any: Did you buy any hot dogs? Yes, five of them.
• some: She needs to buy some books.
3-Quantifiers Used With Non-Count Nouns
• plenty of: We have plenty of gas, it should be enough.
• a lot of / lots of: I've got a lot of cash on me.
• enough: We have enough gas, you don't have to worry.
• any: Did you spend any cash? No, I didn't spend any.
• some: She needs some fatherly advice.
• a little: Give me a little money before you go.
• less / more: You spend less time and lose more weight.
• much: We don't have so much water in the tank.
• a bit of: Can I have a bit of your chocolate?
Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences
1. Today, ---- people who enjoy winter sports is much greater than that of twenty years ago.
A) a number of
B) many
C) a great deal of
D) the number of
E) several
2. According to the studies, dolphins, whales and ---- other sea creatures use highly sophisticated navigation systems.
A) any
B) a little
C) many
D) much
E) each
3. The dietary habits of a child often have ---- to do with that child's eating habits as an adult.
A) little
B) whole
C) every
D) a great amount
E) most
4. In the United States of America, there are literacy classes for workers, ---- of whom never graduated from high school.
A) a little
B) much
C) any
D) many
E) a good deal
5. In the first ---- months of life, an infant learns how to lift its head, how to smile and how to recognize its parents.
A) many
B) a lot of
C) any
D) the number of
E) few
6. Serving ---- terms in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important United States politician.
A) plenty
B) several
C) a lot
D) much
E) whole
7. Although the language learning abilities of apes have surprised ---- scientists, they generally agree that apes do not progress beyond ---- linguistic abilities of a two-year-old child.
A) few / a
B) a little / the
C) many / the
D) each / a
E) much / the
8. The storm continued for ---- of the days when we were in New Orleans,•but fortunately there wasn't ---- damage in the city.
A) a few / many
B) several / a lot
C) all / a little
D) most / much
E) some / few
9. Heavy fines and jail sentences have made ---- difference in preventing elephant poaching for their tusks.
A) the number of
B) a few
C) little
D) many
E) none
10. Although ---- species of fox are reddish in color, ---- Arctic fox is often pure white.
A) a great amount of / an
B) any / the
C) plenty / the
D) all / an
E) most / the
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. E
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. E
Choose the appropriate quantifiers to complete the sentences
1. Very ---- people fly just because of terrorist activities.
little
much
many
few
2. Johnny is a keen player but unfortunately he has ---- skills.
few
none
some
little
3. If we don't move faster, we'll miss our transfer to Munich. There isn't ----- time to waste.
little
any
many
few
4. Unfortunately, I haven't got ---- time for watching TV.
few
no
much
little
5. You can buy these maps at ---- station. They all have them.
a lot of
several
some
any
6. If you have ---- questions, I'm ready to answer.
little
any
much
plenty
7. I didn't have ---- trouble getting the passports. I only had a problem with my photo because it was an old one.
much
any
no
several
8. There is ---- water left, so drink only if you must.
some
little
few
much
9. There isn't ---- point at all in getting upset about it.
few
several
any
many
10. ---- coat will do. It doesn't need to be a raincoat.
Little
No
Any
1. few
2. few
3. any
4. much
5. any
6. any
7. much
8. little
9. any
10. Any
Few
Choose the appropriate quantifiers to complete the sentences.
1. He is an expert on languages, but he knows ---- about mathematics.
few
little
a lot of
several
2. I don't think there will be a severe shortage of usable water because there was ---- rain fall yesterday.
little
few
any
a lot of
3. Unfortunately, I have ---- talent for music although I have always wanted to be a famous singer.
little
few
a few
plenty of
4. There were ---- people at the meeting earlier but most of them left early so there aren't many left now.
little
few
much
several
5. Although she thought she knew ---- of the subject, the teacher asked a few details she hardly remembered.
several
much
many
any
6. ---- people enjoy the performance of the theater company but I don't think it is a successful one.
Much
Several
Every
No
7. I had to live in Paris and Madrid for many years because of my business but I don't like ---- city much.
all
whole
either
neither
8. Both players in the tennis match have been warned by the referee but ---- of them seems to take it seriously.
none
either
every
neither
9. In my country, ---- universities offer a wide range of courses. That's why they are preferred by foreign students as well.
every
each
a great deal of
most
10. The vocabulary list had been memorized by ---- of the students and each one scored over 80 percent on the exam.
every
all
a little
the whole
1. little
2. a lot of
3. little
4. several
5. much
6. Several
7. either
8. neither
9. most
10. all
Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences
1. The Amazon in Brazil is ---- longest river in ---- South America.
the / -
- / the
- / -
the / the
a / the
2. Last summer we went on ---- cruise in the Caribbean. Among ---- Islands we visited were Bermuda and the Bahamas.
- / the
a / the
the / an
the / -
- / -
3. We could barely get any information at the airport. ---- people seemed to have ---- idea about the flights.
Many / any
A lot of / any
Only a few / some
Few / no
Any / no
4. ---- teachers prefer a class that is fairly consistent in having pupils of the same level.
Each
Every
Neither
Whole
Most
5. ---- of what he said was very sensible.
Many
Much
A few
Few
Every
6. ---- drawings is different.
Each one of the
Very few
Every
All of
None
7. The report concludes sadly that ---- students have ---- knowledge of nuclear physics.
some / a lot of
both / whole
none / any
every / no
very few / some
8. ---- his friends speaks any English.
Both of
Some
All
Many
Neither of
1. the / -
2. a / the
3. Only a few / some
4. Most
5. Much
6. Each one of the
7. very few / some
8. Neither of
Choose the appropriate quantifiers to complete the sentences
1. Although there were ---- witnesses, the number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small.
a lot of
much
none
plenty
2. The expedition through the old Mayan city was held up because of ---- delays in the delivery of food supplies.
any
several
every
much
3. We only spent ---- days in Istanbul; on the first day we visited the famous mosques and on the other days we just shopped.
a few
no
many
little
4. Though it is a densely populated city, there are surprisingly ---- people seen on the streets.
few
a few
a little
little
5. I am afraid I will have to ask you for some money as I seem to have ---- left for the bus ticket.
a little
none
some
no
6. ---- of the students use their student IDs to enter the building.
All
The whole
Every
Each
7. I know ---- of the book is not worth reading but most of the readers like the end of the book.
much
many
a few
several
8. If you ask my opinion, ---- of those two dresses are appropriate for the wedding.
some
neither
none
all
9. As ---- one of the individuals in a society is supposed to be responsible for their own deeds, no one is to blame one another but themselves.
either
the whole
each
none
10. With hard work and ---- luck nothing can stop you in your way to success.
little
a little
plenty
few
1. a lot of
2. several
3. a few
4. few
5. none
6. All
7. much
8. neither
9. each
10. a little
Forming Plurals
• Most of the nouns are made plural by adding an 's':
pen - pens
pencil - pencils
book - books
file - files
• Nouns ending with s, ss, z, zz, x, ch, sh, and tch are made plural by adding "es" to the singular form:
wish - wishes
watch - watches
fox - foxes
bus - buses
• If a noun's singular form ends with a consonant plus y, you must change the y to I and then add "es":
baby - babies
candy - candies
sky - skies
spy - spies
Attention: Proper nouns are exceptions to the rule.
the Wendys (not Wendies)
the Kennedys (not Kennedies)
• Some Irregular Plural Forms:
man - men
woman - women
foot - feet
tooth - teeth
child - children
medium- media
Attention: A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Therefore:
The media are presenting the story inaccurately.
Women are usually more sensitive than men.
See subject verb agreement
Forming Plurals Table
Forming Plurals Singular Plural
a. Most nouns take S at the end of their singular forms. camera
lesson cameras
lessons
b. If the noun ends in S, Z, CH, SH, O, SS, or X, we add ES. potato
pass
tax potatoes
passes
taxes
* EXCEPTIONS. radio
photo radios
photos
c. If the noun ends in F or Fe, change F or FE to V, and add - ES. knife
wife
thief
shelf knives
wives
thieves
shelves
d. If the noun ends in Y preceded by a consonant, change Y to I; and add -ES(ies) fly
baby
country
city flies
babies
countries
cities
e. Some nouns have irregular plural forms child
foot
tooth
man
sheep children
feet
teeth
men
sheep
Non-Singular/Plural Form Nouns
Singular Plural No Singular Form No Plural Form
pencil
car
city
woman
book
dictionary
lesson
foot pencils
cars
cities
women
books
dictionaries
lessons
feet cattle
trousers
scissors
pliers
police
glasses
pants
shorts news
information
measles
furniture
baggage
advice
knowledge
rubbish
Singular/Plural of "Verb TO BE"
a. A library is a useful building.
Libraries are useful buildings.
b. She is a clever girl.
They are clever girls.
c. Is it a new shelf?
Are they new shelves?
d. Are these boys hungry?
Is this boy hungry?
e. He isn't a worker.
They aren't workers.
Quick Exercise
Change the following sentences from singular to plural or from plural to singular as in the examples.
1. She is a beautiful lady.
.
2. A book is a good friend.
.
3. A small car is a great vehicle.
.
4. She is a smart girl.
.
5. It is an old church.
.
6. Is this man a worker?
?
7. Is he a nice character?
?
8. These pants belong to those women.
.
9. Are the students in the classroom?
?
10. These glasses aren't for those women.
.
11. Are the bottles on the table?
?
12. The brush is under the chair.
.
13. I am not a famous woman.
.
14. The pencils aren't in the boxes.
.
15. I like those barbies.
.
1. They are beautiful ladies
2. Books are good friends
3. Small cars are great vehicles
4. They are smart girls
5. They are old churches
6. Are those men workers
7. Are they nice characters
8. These pants belong to that woman
9. Is the student in the classroom
10. These glasses aren't for that woman
11. Is the bottle on the table
12. The brushes are under the chair
13. We are not famous women
14. The pencil is not in the box
15. I like that barbie
We use there is with singular nouns
We use there are with plural nouns
a. There is a spider on the table.
b. There is a guest at the lobby.
c. There is a book in the box.
d. There is a hospital in Berkeley.
e. There are some people outside.
f. There are candies in the basket.
g. There are some exercises below.
h. There are animals in the jungle.
Drag and Drop Exercises:
There Is or There Are Worksheet 1
There Is or There Are Worksheet 2
Also See:
There Is / There Are Exercise 2
Singular / Plural Nouns
Affirmative Form Negative Form Question Form Negative Question Form
THERE IS
THERE ARE THERE ISN'T
THERE AREN'T IS THERE?
ARE THERE ISN'T THERE?
AREN'T THERE?
Quick Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks with there is or there are.
1. four weeks in a month.
2. a mailbox downstairs.
3. an English book in my backpack.
4. teachers in the classroom.
5. one bedroom upstairs.
6. clouds in the sky.
7. some mistakes in your calculations.
8. two lectures before the final.
B. Convert from one form to another as in the following examples.
a. There is milk in the bottle. (-)
There isn't milk in the bottle.
b. There are dishes in the kitchen. (?)
Are there dishes in the kitchen?
c. Is there a pool in the garden'? (+)
There is a pool in the garden.
9. Isn't there a couch near the outlet? (-)
.
10. There aren't knives on the table. (+)
.
11. There is a tray on the floor. (?)
?
12. There is a kite in the sky. (-)
.
13. Are there workers in the office? (+)
.
14. There isn't a sink near the tub. (-?)
?
15. There are eggs in the basket. (-?)
?
1. There are
2. There is
3. There is
4. There are
5. There is
6. There are
7. There are
8. There are
9. There isn't a couch near the outlet
10. There are knives on the table
11. Is there a tray on the floor
12. There isn't a kite in the sky
13. There are workers in the office
14. Isn't there a sink near tub
15. Aren't there eggs in the basket
Note:
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There is
There are
Reshuffle ---- some butter in the fridge.
---- two birds on the bench.
---- three bedrooms in my house.
---- a cat in the garden.
---- some mistakes in your paper.
---- many people in the bus.
---- a little water in my glass.
---- two windows in my room.
---- a puppy in the box.
---- a lot of books in my bag.
---- four pens in my pencil case.
---- a man in front of the door.
Note:
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There is
There are
Reshuffle ---- a police car.
---- many cherries.
---- three children.
---- a butterfly.
---- some flowers.
---- six chairs.
---- a calendar.
---- three cushions on the sofa.
---- a mirror.
---- two balls.
---- many animals in the zoo.
---- a swimming pool.
This indicates that something is near us; thatindicates that it is at a distance. We also usethese and those when talking about more than one objects.
Similar Lessons:
Pronouns Details
WH Questions
Printable PDF:
Demonstratives
Lessons for Beginners
Look at the chart below
Near Us At a Distance
Singular This That
Plural These Those
Examples:
a. This book is in my hand.
b. That book is over there on the desk.
c. These coins are in my hand.
d. Those coins are over there on TV set.
Quick Exercise
Convert from singular form to plural or plural to singular as in the examples below.
a. This exercise is easy.
These exercises are easy.
b. Those socks are Sara's.
That sock is Sara's.
c. These flowers are on the floor.
That flower is on the floor.
1. Is this bed comfortable?
?
2. Is that Eleni's English book?
?
3. These are not my toys.
.
4. These boxes are Ana's.
.
5. Is that jacket Roy's?
?
6. Are these dictionaries Andre's?
?
7. Those are mine.
.
8. This building is very old.
.
9. This is a good exercise.
.
10. These are the old dresses.
.
1. Are these beds comfortable
2. Are those Eleni's English books
3. This is not my toy
4. This box is Ana's
5. Are those jackets Roy's
6. Is this dictionary Andre's
7. That is mine
8. Those buildings are very old
9. These are good exercises
10. This is the old dress
Wh-questions
a. What is your name?
b. Who is your class teacher?
c. Which is your desk?
d. Who are those people?
e. Who is Jennifer?
f. Which book is cheaper?
g. Where is Dave?
h. Where is the key?
i. What is today? My name is Sam.
Our class teacher is Alan.
The second one.
They are my friends.
Jennifer is a singer.
This one is cheaper.
Dave is at school.
The key is under the carpet.
It is Saturday.
Quick Exercise
Complete the following questions with appropriate question words.
1. is your math teacher? Mr. Dundee.
2. is his cat? The blue one.
3. is my backpack? In the living room.
4. is Hannah doing? She is watching TV.
5. is an engineer? Nora.
6. color is the new bus? Red.
7. is that? That is an old coin.
8. are my shoes? In front of the door.
9. is the the captain of the team? Julia.
10. is the captain? She is at the gym.
11. is Mr. Durant? He is my best friend.
1. Who
2. Which
3. Where
4. What
5. Who
6. What
7. What
8. Where
9. Who
10. Where
11. Who
Note:
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Who
What
When
Where
How
Why
Whose
Reshuffle ---- book is this?
---- is your name?
---- are you from?
---- is your birthday?
---- is your best friend? Daniel or Andre?
---- are you waiting here?
---- do you go to school? By car or by bus?
---- is your new car?
---- is your problem?
---- old are you?
---- are you sad?
---- car is the fastest?
Note:
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Who
What
When
Where
How
Why
Whose
Reshuffle ---- bike are you riding?
---- happened to you?
---- do you work? Is it close to your home?
---- is your English exam? Is it on a Friday?
---- is your favorite player? Ronaldo or Messi?
---- don’t you come with us?
---- do you like your meat cooked? Well done or medium?
---- do you live? Are you from in town?
---- time is it?
---- far is your home?
---- are you worried? Is something wrong?
---- book is this?
Note:
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Who
What
When
Where
How
Why
Whose
Reshuffle ---- coat is this?
---- is your telephone number?
---- are my keys?
---- do you get up? At 7 o'clock.
---- is your favorite actor? Stallone or Jason Statham?
---- is the baby crying?
---- often do you go to the theatre?
---- do you play basketball? In the school team.
---- sports do you like?
---- many brothers have you got?
---- do you eat so much chocolate?
---- idea is this?
Read through the table below, look at the examples to learn the different forms of have got / has got and the differences between them. Practice with the follow up exercises.
Subject Explanations:
Have Got / Has Got Chart
Have/Has vs Have/Has +Got
Drag and Drop Exercises:
Have got or Has got Worksheet 1
Have got or Has got Worksheet 2
Similar Exercises:
Have got / Has got Exercises 1
Have got / Has got Exercises 2
Have got / Has got Exercises 3
I
You
We
Your Parents
My Friends
The Kids
George and I Have Got He
She
It
Penny
Marshall
The boy
Your friend Has Got
Affirmative Form Question Form
Subject + have got / has got + noun Have / Has + subject + got + noun?
Full Form: I have got / He has got / They have got / We have got
Short Form: I've got / He's got / They've got / Paul's got / We've got
a. I have got a brand-new computer.
b. My friends have got a new teacher.
c The workers have got enough shovels.
d. Paul has got a golden watch.
e. She has got a used car.
f. The man has got a problem.
g. We haven't got a big house.
h. The farmer hasn’t got a truck.
I. Have you got a calculator?
J. Has Mr. Stone got two children?
Short Yes / No Answers
Question Affirmative Answer Negative Answer
Have you got a pen? Yes, I have. No, I haven't
Has she got a pen? Yes, she has. No, she hasn't
More Examples:
1. Have you got an envelope? (+)
Yes, I have.
2. Has Robin got a pet? (-)
No, she hasn't.
3. Have Selena and Brad got old furniture? (-)
No, they haven't.
4. Have we got any dark chocolate? (+)
Yes, we have.
Quick Exercise
Choose have got or has got.
1. Anthony two siblings.
2. You and I strong arms.
3. You a kind heart.
4. Liza an old watch.
5. The library four entrances.
6. Mrs. Anderson American clients.
7. Mr. Nelson a big house.
8. Your father a Mitsubishi.
9. My math teacher a villa.
10. Mr. and Mrs. Duncan a restaurant in Beverly Hills.
11. Kara small feet.
12. Jerry and I a lot of money.
1. has got
2. have got
3. have got
4. has got
5. has got
6. has got
7. has got
8. has got
9. has got
10. have got
11. has got
12. have got
In Positive Forms:
There is no difference in their positive form. They both have meaning of "possession". However"have" without "got" is more preferred in American English.
We've got a car. (British English)
We have a car. (American English)
Daniel has got two toys. (British English)
Daniel has two toys. (American English)
We use have got or have for ailments.
I've got a toothache. (British English)
I have a toothache. (American English)
NOTE: In very informal American speech, people may drop "have" before got.
I got a toothache / I got a problem.
Also see:
Have Got / Has Got
Have got / Has got Exercises 1
Have got / Has got Exercises 2
Have got / Has got Exercises 3
In questions and negative sentences they have different usages:
Have you got any cheese? / I haven't got any cheese. (British English)
Do you have any cheese? / I don't have any cheese. (American English)
NOTE:
According to some books, in old-fashioned British English we can also use "Have you" as in the nursery song Baa, baa, black sheep (have you any wool?), but outside of storybook contexts, we don't prefer to use it.
Have you any money? (not preferred) / I haven't any money. (not preferred)
For the past, in both British and American English we use had (without 'got')
I had dark blue eyes when I was a baby. (not I had got)
My father had an old Mustang GT when he was young.
In the past questions and negative sentences we normally use did / didn't
A: Did you have a roommate when you were in Sydney?
B: No, I didn't have a roommate.
There are several combinations of the verb "to have" with nouns, noun phrases and adjectives.
Have:
An argument
A bath / shower
Breakfast / lunch / dinner
A chance
A cold
Difficulty
A drink
A feeling
An idea
An impact An interest in something
A look
A meeting
A party
A plan
An operation
Patience
Problems
Time
Trouble
These expressions are only used with have. (not with have got)
I have a shower every morning. (have = "take" / have got a shower)
Choose have got or has got.
1. Tony a sports car.
2. You and I good hearts.
3. You a new umbrella.
4. Daniel many books.
5. Our school a big garden.
6. Lea a beautiful red skirt.
7. My doctor many patients.
8. Your uncle a convertible BMW.
9. My new manager a golden watch.
10. Mr. and Mrs. Sanders a large house.
11. Kara a good idea.
12. My grandmother an old sewing machine.
13. Our neighbor a big dog.
14. Sandra a laptop.
15. Clara and I a problem.
1. has got
2. have got
3. have got
4. has got
5. has got
6. has got
7. has got
8. has got
9. has got
10. have got
11. has got
12. has got
13. has got
14. has got
15. have got
SOME:
It is used in affirmative sentences.
Sometimes it is also used in questions. (Who wants some tea?)
ANY
It is used in questions and negative sentences.
IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
some + uncountable nouns some + plural nouns
SOME milk
sugar SOME animals
cars
IN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES
any + uncountable nouns any + plural nouns
ANY water
pasta ANY clothes
cups
Examples
There are some chairs outside.
There is some juice in the fridge.
There aren't any apricots.
There isn't any chocolate.
Are there any apples?
Is there any butter?
Quick Exercise
A. Fill in the blanks with some or any.
1. There are socks on the couch.
2. There is coffee in the jar.
3. Are there books for beginners?
4. There aren't English books.
5. I want tea.
6. I haven't got money.
7. Has Alan got friends?
B. Convert from one form to another as in the examples below.
a. There are some girls in the theater. (?)
Are there any girls in the theater?
b. Is there any water in the bottle? (+)
There is some water in the bottle.
8. Are there any beaches in Florida? (+)
.
9. There are some plants in the garden. (?)
?
10. Have you got any money? (-)
.
11. Is there any rice on the plate? (+)
.
12. There is some sugar in the tea. (-?)
?
13. There aren't any books on the shelves. (+)
.
14. There are some candles on the cake. (?)
?
15. There is some dirt on the floor. (-)
.
1. some
2. some
3. any
4. any
5. some
6. any
7. any
8. There are some beaches in Florida
9. Are there any plants in the garden
10. I haven't got any money
11. There is some rice on the plate
12. Isn't there any sugar in the tea
13. There are some books on the shelves
14. Are there any candles on the cake
15. There isn't any dirt on the floor
Note:
The drag and drop activity below might not work properly in old browsers. Update your browser to be able to use these exercises online. Get the latest version of Google Chrome or any other modern browser.
some
any
Reshuffle We need ---- apples.
I don’t have ---- brothers or sisters.
May I have ---- sugar in my tea, please?
There isn’t ---- water in the fridge.
There are ---- people in the yard.
I have ---- notes from the exam.
My sister doesn't have ---- money.
Tony is going to buy ---- eggs.
We have ---- flowers in our backyard.
Do you know ---- good restaurants around here?
Are there ---- parcels for me?
I am so thirsty. Can I have ---- water, please?
MUCH
We use much with uncountable nouns. It is used in question and negative forms.
Is there much water in your glass?
There isn't much milk in the bottle.
MANY
We use many with countable nouns. We usually use it in question and negative forms.
Are there many horses in the field?
There aren't many tomatoes in the bowl.
A LOT OF
We use a lot of with countable and uncountable nouns. It is used in affirmative sentences.
There are a lot of eggs in the fridge.
There is a lot of milk in the pitcher.
Note: We also use 'lots of' instead of 'a lot of', especially in spoken English and that there is no difference in their meanings.
Examples
1. There aren't many / much apples in the fridge.
2. Is there many / much snow on the mountains?
3. There are a lot of vegetables but there isn't much fruit.
4. There isn't much water in your cup.
4. I have got a lot of books in my library.
5. There isn't much sugar in her coffee.
6. Is there much pollution in Beijing?
7. There aren't many trees in the garden.
8. Loren has got a lot of money in the bank.
9. Have you got many friends in Roma?
10. There are a lot of exercises in GrammarBank.
11. Is there much dirt in the hall?
12. Mike hasn't got much spare time.
13. There are a lot of plums on the tree.
14. Is there much dust on the table?
15. Have you got many magazines at home?
16. Is there much salt in the salad?
17. There aren't many students at school.
18. There is a lot of sand in my pockets.
19. There are a lot of writers but there aren't many readers.
20. Is there much ink the yellow bottle?
Choose much vs many
1. milk
2. people
3. children
4. toys
5. cheese
6. rice
7. chicken
8. animals
9. cars
10. rain
11. fingers
12. butter
13. bread
14. mice
15. countries
16. babies
17. books
18. water
19. eggs
20. furniture
1. much
2. many
3. many
4. many
5. much
6. much
7. much
8. many
9. many
10. much
11. many
12. much
13. much
14. many
15. many
16. many
17. many
18. much
19. many
20. much
Look at the usage chart and work through the subject exercises.
Also See:
How Much vs How Many Exercise 2
Much vs Many Exercise
Much / Many / A Lot Of
HOW MANY? countable plural nouns How many books?
How many chairs?
How many ideas?
HOW MUCH? uncountable nouns How much time?
How much sugar?
How much water?
Examples
a. How many bananas are there in the basket?
b. How many days are there in a year?
c. How much ink is there in the pen?
d. How much honey is there in the tin?
Exercise
Ask questions for the following statements using how much or how many.
1. There is some bread in the basket. (how much)
?
2. We have got five kilos of cherries. (how many)
?
3. Bill has got three bottles of fruit juice in the fridge. (how many)
?
4. Andrew has got two pockets on his jacket. (how many)
?
5. There are forty teachers in the teachers’ room. (how many)
?
6. There is little ink in the big bottle. (how much)
?
7. There is a little oil in the small bottle. (how much)
?
8. Mary has got four pairs of shoes. (how many)
?
9. Helen has got a little sugar in her coffee. (how much)
?
10. There are seven days in a week. (how many)
?
11. There are four seasons in a year. (how many)
?
12. There is a lot of tea in the teapot. (how much)
?
13. There is a little tea in Susan's glass. (how much)
?
14. There are fifty girls at the party. (how many)
?
15. They have got two cars. (how many)
?
1. How much bread is there in the basket
2. How many kilos of cherries have you got
3. How many bottles of juice has Bill got in the fridge
4. How many pockets has Andrew got in his jacket
5. How many teachers are there in the teachers' room
6. How much in is there in the big bottle
7. How much oil is there in the small bottle
8. How many pairs of shoes has Mary got
9. How much sugar has Helen got in her coffee
10. How many days are there in a week
11. How many seasons are there in a year
12. How much tea is there in the teapot
13. How much tea is there in Susan's glass
14. How many girls are there at the party
15. How many cars have they got
Nouns are divided into two groups.
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are also called count nouns.
Countable : The toys are in the box.
Some Countable Nouns:
idea
mistake
city
car worker
teacher
star
sister bear
bottle
room
coin
Examples:
He has got a lot of books.
There aren't many cars outside.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are called mass nouns.
Uncountable : The water is cold.
Some Uncountable Nouns:
water
ice
juice
rice sand
butter
information
science hair
soap
time
money
Examples:
There is little meat in the kitchen.
We haven't got much time.
Adam loves science.
Ali doesn't like milk.
Quantifiers that are used with countable and uncountable nouns.
With Countable Nouns With Uncountable Nouns Both With Countable and Uncountable
many
a great number of
a large number of
a great many
(a)few
a number of much
(a) little
a great deal of
a great amount of some
any
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
Hints:
A few is more than few and a little is more than little.
He has little money. I have a little money(I have more money)
Tim has few friends. I have a few friends. (I have more friends)
Some terms used with uncountable nouns:
a cup of coffee
a box of tea
a loaf of bread
a piece of chalk
a slice of bread
a bottle of perfume
a dish of fresh fruit
a pound of cheese
a bar of soap
a can of coke
a head of lettuce
a tube of toothpaste
a kind of shaving cream
a jar of honey two slices of bread
three pieces of chalk
three loaves of bread
two bottles of perfume
five boxes of tea
two cups of coffee
two dishes of fresh fruit
a few pounds of cheese
two bars of soap
two cans of coke
three heads of lettuce
five tubes of toothpaste
two kinds of shaving cream>
three jars of honey
Choose whether the following nouns are countable or uncountable.
If you are not familiar with countable and uncountable nouns see count/non-count or nouns lessons.
1. Coffee
2. Tea
3. Boy
4. Soap
5. Table
6. Car
7. Honey
8. Keyboard
9. Furniture
10. Smoke
11. News
12. Watch
13. Cheese
14. House
15. Butter
16. Ball
17. Toothpaste
18. Rice
19. Mouse
20. Door
1. uncountable
2. uncountable
3. countable
4. uncountable
5. countable
6. countable
7. uncountable
8. countable
9. uncountable
10. uncountable
11. uncountable
12. countable
13. uncountable
14. countable
15. uncountable
16. countable
17. uncountable
18. uncountable
19. countable
20. countable
Prepositions are words which show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun object and some other words in the sentence. They are always followed by nouns or pronouns. They are called "the biggest little words” in English because they have very important functions.
Also See:
Prepositions Exercises
PDF Worksheets: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 /10
Three Groups of Prepositions:
a. Prepositions of place, position and direction.
b. Prepositions of time.
c. Prepositions for other relationships.
SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS
PLACE POSITION DIRECTION TIME OTHER
above
across
along
among
at
away from
behind
below
beside
between beyond
by
down
from
in
in front of
inside
into
near
off on
opposite
out (of)
outside
over
around
through
to
towards
under
up after
before
at
by
for
during
from
in except
as
like
about
with
without
by
for
Although prepositions are hard to generalize with separate rules, there is one simple rule about them. And, unlike most rules, this rule has no exceptions.
Rule:
They are always followed by a "noun", never followed by a verb.
By "noun" we include:
• Noun (dog, money, love)
• Proper Noun (name) (London, Mary)
• Pronoun (you, him, us)
• Noun Group (my first car)
• Gerund (swimming)
If we want to follow with a verb, we must use the "-ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form.
Subject + Verb Preposition "noun"
The pen is on the table.
He lives in England.
Henry is looking for you.
The newspaper is under your green book.
Pascal is used to English people.
She isn't used to working.
We ate before coming.
Prepositions of Time / Place at, in, on
• At for a PRECISE TIME
• In for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• On for DAYS and Dates
At In On
At 4:30 pm in March on Monday
At 3 o'clock In Winter On 6 March
At noon In the summer On 22 Dec.2012
At dinnertime In 1990 On Christmas Day
At bedtime In the next century On your birthday
At the moment In the future On New Year's Eve
Notice that use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
• In the morning /On Monday morning
• In the mornings / On Sunday mornings
• In the afternoon(s) / On Sunday afternoons
• In the evening(s) / On Friday evenings
When we say next, last, this, every we do not use at, in, on.
I went to New York last June (not in last June)
She is coming back next Monday. (not on next Monday)
I go home every Easter . (not at every Easter)
We'll call you this afternoon. (not in this afternoon)
Place: at, in, on
In General:
• At for a POINT (dog, money, love)
• In for an ENCLOSED SPACE
• On for a SURFACE
At In On
At the bus stop In London On the wall
At the corner In the garden On the ceiling
At the entrance In a box On the floor
At the crossroads In a building On the carpet
At the top of the page In a car On a page
Some other common uses of at / on / in
At In On
At home In a car On a bus
At work In a taxi On a train
At school In a helicopter On a plane
At university In an elevator On a bicycle
At the top In the sky On the radio
At the bottom In the street On the left
At the side In a row On a horse
At reception In a boat On a boat
Notice how we can use on a boat or in a boat depending on the type and the size of the particular boat/ship.
More Prepositions
Prepositions use Example
during while in during the movie, during the flight, during my stay
for for two days, for an hour
from / to from Saturday to Monday, from 5 to 9
between the time period from one to another between 1986 and 2012, between Saturday and Monday
until/till before a certain time until/till Sunday,5 o'clock
by at the least by Tuesday, by next month, by tomorrow
to movement towards to school, to work, to the station
into movement towards inside something into the cinema, into the car
out of to leave a place/a thing out of the theater, out of the car
by near/next to/beside LINK stand by me, by the lake
through through the tunnel, through the room
across opposite ends across the river, across the street
against against the wall, against the door
into movement towards inside something into the cinema, into the car
A) Complete the exercise with convenient prepositions.
1. Nice meet you.
2. Don’t be late school.
3. Are you the new student Portugal?
4. Are you a teacher this school?
5-6. Jessica is vacation. She is Italy now.
7. What is this called English?
8. Look the flowers.
9. Adam's birthday is July.
10. Don’t run the classroom.
B) Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
1. Compare your answers your partner.
2. This key holder is very special me.
3. Apples and peaches are the same box.
4. Write me soon.
5. Have you got a piece paper?
6. What’s the calculator for? It is my exam.
7. I’m tall black hair and brown eyes.
8. We have a house a big garden.
9. I come a big family.
10. Match the pictures the names.
11. Is your house the country?
12. Guess what I have my hand?
13. I have two color pens. What you?
A) Fill in the blanks with convenient prepositions.
1. Nice to meet you.
2. Don’t be late for/to school.
3. Are you the new student from Portugal?
4. Are you a teacher at/in this school?
5. She is on vacation. She is in Italy now.
6. What is this called in English?
7. Look at the flowers.
8. Adam's birthday is in july.
9. Don’t run in the classroom.
B) B) Fill in the blanks (2)
1. Compare your answers with your partner.
2. This key holder is very special for me.
3. Apple and pears are in the same box.
4. Write to me soon.
5. Have you got a piece of paper?
6. What’s the calculator for? It is for my exams.
7. I’m tall with black hair and brown eyes.
8. We have a house with a big garden.
9. I come from a big family.
10. Match the pictures with the names.
11. Is your house in the country?
12. Guess what I have in my hand?
13. I have two color pens. What about you?
• Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
• 1. Most people agree that kindergarten contributes ---- the child's mental development.
• 2. Since Jennifer was a year younger than her friends, she had a hard time keeping ---- with them.
• 3. In most countries, children start the primary school ---- the age of six.
• 4. Although he studied hard, he couldn't succeed ---- getting a high score in his test.
• 5. There are different sets of language learning sets available ---- all age groups.
• 6. All candidates are looking forward ---- the announcement of our test scores.
• 7. Since I will be busy ---- my homework and prepare ---- the exam tomorrow, I don't think I will be able to go out tonight.
• 8. The students walk five kilometers to school, so they need to get up very early ---- the morning.
• 9. Since our school was next to our house, I used to come home ---- lunch time.
• 10. I was born ---- the 23rd ---- April, so there is no school when it's my birthday.
• 1. to
• 2. up
• 3. at
• 4. in
• 5. for
• 6. to
• 7. with, for
• 8. in
• 9. at
• 10. on, of
• Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions; in, out, off, up...(Separate answers with a comma and a space as needed.)
• 1. They had to put ---- the meeting when the general director didn't turn ----.
• 2. He made ---- a story when he was late for the first class, but the teacher didn't believe him.
• 3. We still haven't come ---- with an interesting theme for the advertising campaign.
• 4. He came ---- a very old letter written by his grandmother to his grandfather while he was looking ---- an old photo for his research paper.
• 5. The plane wasn't allowed to take ---- because of bad weather conditions.
• 6. Most people prefer taking ---- a hobby to relieve stress.
• 7. Do you get ---- well ---- your sister?
• 8. The diamond ring that her boyfriend bought for her turned ---- to be a fake one.
• 9. His application was turned ---- as he didn't complete the necessary requirements in time.
• 10. They had been waiting at the departure lounge for almost three hours when they finally got ---- the train.
1. off, up
2. up
3. up
4. across, for
5. off
6. up
7. on, with
8. out
9. down
10. on
Fill in the blanks with the suitable prepositions.
1. Some people are very keen ---- working in a team, but some others don't like depending on others.
2. I'm terribly bored of having that day- .... -day battle with my manager, so I'm planning to resign.
3. My son is mad ---- science and technology. I guess he'll become an engineer.
4. I wish I were experienced ---- the field of marketing.
5. People who are good ---- making friends usually work in the field of trade, which requires having good communicative skills.
6. Most office workers are fond ---- having frequent coffee breaks.
7. I wish my daughter were interested ---- learning foreign languages.
8. In the competitive business world, one has to be perfect ---- communicating with customers.
9. Working at a big company will certainly enable you to have a large circle ---- friends.
10. Everyone hopes to get a job with prospects ---- promotion, but not many people manage to do so.
1. on
2. to
3. about
4. in
5. at
6. of
7. in
8. at
9. of
10. of
Fill in the blanks with the prepositions in the box.
at on in of x2
with for at about x2
1. Betty asked Barney for help, but it turned out he was even worse math than her.
2. Luckily, my husband is not very keen playing football.
3. Most men are not very fond going to wedding parties.
4. This brand of cream is better preventing wrinkles on your face.
5. Like many other children, my daughter is mad chocolate.
6. Students are sometimes taught things that they are not interested at all.
7. When Tom was a schoolboy, he was crazy cars and he kept drawing them in his drawing book.
8. Why should I be scared ghosts? They don't exist.
9. Norman was dying a cigarette but he was determined to give it up.
10. Walter is not mean; he is just very careful money.
1. at
2. on
3. of
4. at
5. about
6. in
7. about
8. of
9. for
10. with
Complete the following exercise with prepositions on, in, at or to.
1-2. Alan lives a flat Sacramento.
3. Do you go bed late every night?
4-5. When is the café open? the afternoon or the evening?
6. People have siesta lunchtime.
7. When do you go the office?
8. I visit my grandmother the afternoons and we have tea together.
9. We had a nice picnic the weekend.
10. Most students have lunch school.
11. We go Hawaii every summer.
12-13.The classes start 15:30 the afternoon.
1. in
2. in
3. to
4. in
5. in
6. at
7. to
8. in
9. on
10. at
11. to
12. at
13. in
Note:
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in
on
at
Reshuffle My birthday is ---- May.
I work ---- Saturdays too.
We have a meeting ---- 10 am.
It often snows ---- January.
I have an exam ---- Wednesday.
Let’s meet ---- noon.
I am washing my car ---- the moment.
What are you doing ---- 20 May?
We go on a vacation ---- the summer.
I want to be a teacher ---- some point.
My mother always makes a cake ---- my birthday.
We might go somewhere ---- the second day of the holiday.
Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences
1. I ---- to learn a lot of new words.
am going
will
can
will be
2. They ---- volleyball when I saw them.
are playing
play
played
were playing
3. I woke up ---- five o'clock ---- the morning.
in / in
at / on
at / in
at / at
4. The weather is pleasant here ---- the spring.
at
in
on
beneath
5. They met ---- Miami ---- 2004.
at / at
to / in
at / in
in / in
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6. My friends will be there ---- two or three hours.
at
on
in
for
7. The plane will stay on the runway ---- five minutes.
at
on
in
for
8. She graduated from the university ---- 1969.
at
on
in
for
9. Are you going to study ---- the afternoon or ---- night?
on / on
in / in
in / at
at / in
10. The police ---- the thief yet.
haven't caught
didn't catch
hasn't caught
don't catch
11. ---- university is ---- institution of higher education.
a / an
- / an
an / a
the / the
12. I'm busy. Please visit me ---- time.
another
others
other
the other
13. What ---- you ---- in English so far?
have / learned
were / learned
did / learn
was / learning
14. I haven't seen him ---- today.
nowhere
somewhere
everywhere
anywhere
15. I can't hear very well. Please turn the radio ----.
up
down
on
off
1. am going
2. were playing
3. at / in
4. in
5. in / in
6. in
7. for
8. in
9. in / at
10. haven't caught
11. a / an
12. another
13. have / learned
14. anywhere
15. up
Choose the appropriate prepositions to complete the sentences.
1. They live ---- Atlantic Avenue.
at
in
on
to
2. Tokyo is the most crowded city ---- the world.
on
at
in
over
3. Don't walk ---- the street! Walk here ---- the sidewalk.
in / on
on / at
at / on
in / to
4. I'm going to meet my friends, ---- Times Square tonight.
on
at
in
over
5. He tried to open the tin ---- a knife.
with
by
to
of
6. Mike is sitting ---- the desk ---- front of the door.
at / in
in / on
on / on
at / at
7. Listen! I think there is someone ---- the front door.
on
at
in
with
8. There's paper ---- the floor. Please put it ---- the wastebasket.
at / into
on / at
on / in
over / at
9. See you ---- Monday morning.
under
at
in
on
10. We are giving him a surprise party ---- his birthday.
in
at
with
on
11. A dictionary has information ---- words.
to
about
in
at
12. You'll find the poem ---- page 16.
at
on
in
over
13. I'll call you ---- seven o'clock.
in
on
at
of
14. We'll go ---- Caribbeans ---- June.
- / in
at / on
to / on
to / in
15. I was born ---- September 9th.
in
on
at
of
1. on
2. in
3. in / on
4. in
5. with
6. at / in
7. at
8. on / in
9. on
10. on
11. about
12. on
13. at
14. to / in
15. on
Also and too are used in affirmative sentences.
Mrs. Rogala is an English teacher.
Mr. Barber is also a teacher.
Henry is a student.
Alicia is a student, too.
Either is used in negative sentences.
I don't like video games.
Sofia doesn't like video games, either.
Subject Exercises:
Also/Too/Either Exercise 2
Also/Too/Either Worksheet 3
Too / As Well / Also
More Examples
1. My car isn't fast. - His car isn't fast, either.
2. They go to Hawaii in summer. - We also go to Hawaii in summer.
3. Carla is a smart woman. - I am a smart woman, too.
4. Juan has got a new barbecue. Victor has also got a new barbecue.
5. I like America. - Mandy likes America, too.
6. The teachers aren't at school. - The students aren't at school, either.
7. Ronaldo isn't an actor. - Micheal Phelps isn't an actor, either.
Quick Exercise
A. Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1. Victoria has got a new dictionary. Sam has got a new dictionary, too.
.
2. Gaby has got a diamond ring. Maria has also got a diamond ring.
.
3. Mr. Gerard is from England. Mr. Terry is from England, too.
.
4. I like chocolate. Margaret likes chocolate, too.
.
B. Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative.
5. Paul hasn't got an English book. Dan hasn't got an English book, either.
.
6. Pam cannot swim. Brian can't swim either.
.
7. Davis isn't a big city. Berkeley isn't a big city either.
.
8. Coffee isn't my favorite drink. Coffee isn't his favorite drink, either.
1. Victoria hasn't got a new dictionary. Sam hasn't got a new dictionary, either
2. Gaby hasn't got a diamond ring. Maria hasn't got a diamond ring, either
3. Mr. Gerrard isn't from England. Mr. Terry isn't from England, either
4. I don't like chocolate. Margaret doesn't like chocolate, either
5. Paul has got an English book. Dan has also got an English book
6. Pam can swim. Brian can also swim.
7. Davis is a big city. Berkeley is also a big city
8. Coffee is my favorite drink. Coffee is also his favorite drink
We use imperatives to tell someone to do something or to give instructions, orders, warnings, directions, etc.
Imperatives are divided into two groups:
a) Positive Imperatives
b) Negative Imperatives
Subject Exercise:
Imperatives Exercise
Positive Imperatives
To form a positive imperative we use the base form of the verb. The base form is the form in the dictionary.
Some imperative verbs:
read, listen, put, run, walk, move, eat...
Listen!
Raise your hands.
Do your homework.
Speak English.
Come here.
Be quiet.
We can also use positive imperatives by using always.
Always put on your safety belt.
Always remember my advice.
Negative Imperatives
To form a negative imperative we use:
Do not + the base form of the verb
Examples: Do not come here.
Do not put your hat on the chair.
Do not drink it.
Do not park your car here.
NOTE: The contraction for do not is don’t.
Do not come here. = Don’t come here.
Do not speak Spanish in the class. = Don’t speak Spanish in the class.
Do not sit there. = Don’t sit there.
Do not lean out of the window. = Don’t lean out of the window.
Negative Imperatives Using Never / Don't Ever
Never go there again.
Never leave your keys in your car.
Never steal from anyone.
Don't ever steal from anyone.
Don't ever leave your keys in your car.
The imperative does not usually have a subject, but we can use a noun or pronoun to make it clear who we are speaking to.
Mary come here.
Somebody answer the phone.
Nobody move.
Relax, everybody.
You before an imperative can suggest an emphatic persuasion or anger.
You stay home. You just sit down and relax for a bit.
You take your hands off me.
Emphatic imperatives with do + infinitive
This is common in polite requests, complaints and apologies.
Do sit down.
Do listen to your father.
Do punish me.
Do have some wine.
Form imperatives with the correct verbs from the table.
"Submit Worksheet" to see your results.
Subject Explanations:
Imperatives
come go get clean study
step on give run play wait
1. Please in, you don't have to knock.
2. I don't want to see you again, out of here.
3. What did I tell you? the blackboard.
4. regularly if you want to be successful.
5. Don't ever this carpet with your shoes on.
6. Hey, me your dictionary.
7. Don't in the corridor.
8. Let's hide and seek.
9. I have got a lot of homework to do, so don't for me.
10. Let's to a cafe and have a drink.
1. come
2. get
3. Clean
4. Study
5. step on
6. give
7. run
8. play
9. wait
10. go
CAN / CAN'T shows ability, inability, request, permission, possibility, and inappropriateness.
Also see:
Can Can't Exercises
Can Can't Exercises 2
Can vs Could Exercises
Modal Verbs
Examples:
a. I can speak English.
b. You can leave early today.
c. Can I come in, please?
Formation:
Positive: Subject + CAN + Verb1
Negative: Subject + CAN'T + Verb1
POSITIVE STATEMENT NEGATIVE STATEMENT
I can speak English I can't speak English
He can run very vest You can't run very fast
He can sit in the garden He can't sit in the garden
She can come with us She can't come with us
It can jump to the other side It can't jump to the other side
We can make delicious cakes We can't make delicious cakes
You can pass the exam You can't pass the exam
They can draw pictures They can't draw pictures
NOTE: Negative form of CAN is either “cannot” or “can not” and its negative contraction is “Can’t”. In British English, it is pronounced /ka:nt/ but in American English, it is /kent/.
NOTE: Negative “YES/NO QUESTIONS” are formed in two ways:
1. Can you not come today? Can he read fast?
2. Can’t you come today? Can’t he read fast?
Can Yes/No Questions and Answers Chart
Can WH Information Questions and Answers Chart
USE:
We use “CAN” to express
1. Ability
Sarven can ride a bike.
He can speak Japanese.
I can play table tennis.
We can cook.
They can eat with chop sticks.
Paul and Ingrid can ski.
2. Inability
He can’t ride a horse.
I can’t type very fast.
We can’t lift 100 kilos.
Jan can not run fast.
Alicia cannot drive a car.
3. Request
Can you help me?
Can you tell me the way to the museum?
Can you come here a minute please?
4. Permissions
Can I use your cell phone?
Can I take a day off?
Can I smoke here?
Can I go out?
Typical responses: Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Of course you can. Sure (informal) … etc
5. Possibility
The florist can deliver the bouquet early.
My friend can visit me this week
Note: can is not normal used to describe future possibility in the positive form.
INCORRECT: It can rain tomorrow.
6. Inappropriateness
You can’t wear that dress! It is indecent.
You can’t smoke in this building. It is illegal.
You can’t ask for information here. This is not information desk.
Forming Yes/No questions with CAN, how to answer short and long:
Related Subjects:
Can WH Questions-Answers
Can / Can't
YES / NO QUESTIONS (POSITIVE) SHORT ANSWER LONG ANSWER
Can I kiss you? Yes, you can.
No, you can't. Yes, you can kiss me.
No, you can't kiss me.
Can you speak English? Yes, I can.
No, I can't. Yes, I can speak English.
No, I can't speak English.
Can he
James come to the cinema? Yes, he can.
No, he can't. Yes, he can come to the cinema.
No, he can't come to the cinema.
Can she
Jennifer dance? Yes, she can.
No, she can't. Yes, she can dance.
No, she can't dance.
Can it
a bird talk Yes, it can.
No, it can't. Yes, it can talk.
No, it can't talk.
Can we leave now? Yes, we/you can.
No, we/you can't. Yes, we/you can leave now.
No, we/you can not leave now.
Can you wait outside? Yes, we can.
No, we can't. Yes, we can wait outside.
No, we can't wait outside.
Can they sing pop songs? Yes, they can.
No, they can't Yes, they can sing pop songs.
No, they cannot sing pop songs.
Forming Negative “YES/NO QUESTIONS"
There are two ways of forming negative Yes/No Questions with Can:
1. Can + Object + not
Can you not come today?
2. Can't + Object
Can’t you come today?
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